Preserving Indigenous Cultures: Analyzing Geographical Indication Registration for Indigenous People Protection in Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37253/jjr.v25i1.7647Keywords:
Geographical Indication, Indigenous People, Indonesian GovernmentAbstract
Geographical indication (“G.Iâ€) is a designation that indicates the unique and original qualities of a product originating from a particular geographical location. The human factor (Indigenous people) plays a big role in the creation of a geographical indication, in addition to environmental and geographical factors. Preserving the intellectual property rights of Indigenous People through G.I will result in a more advantageous impact on their community, especially for those who rely on G.I products for their livelihood. This not only safeguards their cultural identity and dignity but also enables them to benefit from the commercial value of their intellectual property, whether through direct sales or licensing agreement. Indonesia have ratified the International regulation and issued Law No. 20 of 2016 concerning Trademark and Geographical Indications. The purpose of this research is to evaluate and examine the current status of geographical indication protection in Indonesia and assess if it is being implemented in line with the expectations set forth in the relevant legislation based on the supportive data and previous cases. The paper will then illustrate the impact and advantages for Indigenous communities in preserving and registering their geographical indications, using examples of successful geographical indication registrations from around the world. The type of research method is normative while the approaches employed are statutory and conceptual approaches with an analytical and descriptive research design. Based on the research conducted, the legal framework for protecting G.I has been sufficiently established but the government has not fully prioritized based on the data presented and cases documented. This paper will present several recommendations for the government and other relevant stakeholders.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Adebola, T. (2022). The legal construction of geographical indications in Africa. Journal of World Intellectual Property, November, 3–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwip.12255
Agdomar, M. (2007). Removing the Greek from Feta and Adding Korbel to Champagne: The Paradox of Geographical Indications in International Law. 18(2), 541–608.
Almusawir, A. (2021). Legal Protection of the Communal Rights to Geographical Indications in the Perspectives of Human Rights in Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.17-7-2019.2303497
Apriansyah, N. (2018). Perlindungan Indikasi Geografis dalam Rangka Mendorong Perekonomian Daerah. Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure, 18(4), 525. https://doi.org/10.30641/dejure.2018.v18.525-542
Ardana, K. (2019). Kinerja Kelembagaan Perlindungan Indikasi Geografis Kopi Kintamani. Agricore: Jurnal Agribisnis Dan Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian Unpad, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.24198/agricore.v2i1.15073
Bainbridge, D. (2018). Intellectual Property. Pearson.
Bently, LionelSherman, B., Gangjee, D., & and Phillip Johnson. (2022). Intellectual Property Law (6th Ed). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24343-6_32
Blakeney, M. (2019). The Protection of Geographical Indications. In The Protection of Geographical Indications. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788975414
Bruchac, M. M. (2014). Indigenous Knowledge and Traditional Knowledge. Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 2014, 5686–5696. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30018-0_10
Calabrese, B. (2023). Geographical indications used as ingredients or components: a proposed reform in ‘sharp’ contrast with the Circular Economy (to say the least). Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, 00(00), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpad009
Calboli, I. (2006). Expanding the Protections of Geographical Indications of Origin under TRIPS: “Old†Debate or “New†Opportunity? Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review, 10(2), 182–203.
Cardoso, V. A., Lourenzani, A. E. B. S., Caldas, M. M., Bernardo, C. H. C., & Bernardo, R. (2022). The benefits and barriers of geographical indications to producers: A review. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 37(6), 707–719. https://doi.org/10.1017/S174217052200031X
Cartwright, M. (2021). The History of Champagne. World History Encyclopedia. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1913/the-history-of-champagne/
Champagne. (n.d.). Seven Fifty Daily. Retrieved January 6, 2023, from https://daily.sevenfifty.com/regions/prosecco/
Comité Champagne. (n.d.). Champagne. Comité Champagne. Retrieved January 6, 2023, from https://www.champagne.fr/
Directorate General of Intellectual Property. (2022). Indikasi Geografis. DJKI.Com. https://www.dgip.go.id/menu-utama/indikasi-geografis/pengenalan
Effida, D. Q. (2019). Tinjauan Yuridis Indikasi Geografis Sebagai Hak Kekayaan Intelektual Non-Individual (Komunal). Jurnal Ius Civile, 3(2), 58–71.
Elfany Shavira, J., & Adhi Nugroho, A. (2021). Perlindungan Hukum Indikasi Geografis Terhadap Produk Masyarakat Adat Di Indonesia (Studi Kasus Masyarakat Adat Baduy). Institut Pendidikan Tapanuli Selatan, Vol 9(1), 111–118. http:
Elvita, L. (2015). Aspek Yuridis Hapusnya Hak Indikasi Geografis Dan Indikasi Asal Ditinjau Dari Undang-Undang Merek (Studi Perkebunan Lada). Notarius, 8(2), 180-206–206.
Eno, A. A., & Yusa, I. G. (2019). Pendaftaran Potensi Indikasi Geografis guna Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Daerah. Kertha Semaya, 11(7), 1–16.
Fokky Fuad, A. A. L. (2017). Perlindungan Indikasi Geografis Aset Nasional Pada Kasus Kopi Toraja. Program Studi Magister Ilmu Hukum, 2(2), 1–16.
Fuadi, M. N., Palar, M. R. A., & Muchtar, H. N. (2022). Pelindungan Hukum Indikasi Geografis di Indonesia Melalui Standardisasi Dokumen Deskripsi Indikasi Geografis. Jurnal Sains Sosio Humaniora, 6(1), 551–567. https://doi.org/10.22437/jssh.v6i1.19724
Hamidi, A. K. S., & Faniyah, I. (2019). Perlindungan Hukum Indikasi Geografis Atas Merek Kopi Toraja Dan Kopi Gayo Yang Didaftarkan Oleh Negara Lain. UNES Law Review, 2(1), 35–49. https://doi.org/10.31933/ulr.v2i1.60
Herviandi, A., Susilowati, E., & Njatrijani, R. (2017). Optimalisasi Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Pendaftaran Merek Dagang Di Negara Lain (Kajian Perlindungan Hukum Merek Kopi Arabika Gayo). Diponegoro Law Journal, 6(01), 1–14. http://www.ejournal-s1.undip.ac.id/index.php/dlr/%0AOPTIMALISASI
Hossain, K., & Ballardini, R. M. (2021). Protecting Indigenous Traditional Knowledge Through a Holistic Principle-Based Approach. Nordic Journal of Human Rights, 39(1), 51–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/18918131.2021.1947449
Hughes, J. (2006). Champagne, feta, and bourbon: The spirited debate about geographical indications. Hastings Law Journal, 58(2), 299–386.
Jay, T., & Taylor, M. (2018). The University of Sydney Law School Legal Studies Research Paper Series A case of champagne : a study of geographical indications. 18.
Karlsson, B., & Karlsson, P. (2020). The world is thirsty for sparkling wines, but which are the winners? Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/karlsson/2020/05/08/the-world-is-thirsty-for-sparkling-wines-but-which-are-the-winners/?sh=2ddfd4e369c0%0Ahttps://www.forbes.com/sites/karlsson/2020/05/08/the-world-is-thirsty-for-sparkling-wines-but-which-are-the-winners/?sh=
Koentjoro, A. (2012). Perlindungan Indikasi Geografis Aset Nasional dari Pendaftaran oleh Negara Lain. Hukumonline.Com. https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/indikasi-geografis-lt4fd1bd073c3a6#!
Kurnianingrum, T. P. (2016). Pelindungan hak ekonomi atas indikasi geografis. Negara Hukum, 7(1), 19–34.
Kusuma, P. H., & Roisah, K. (2022). Perlindungan Ekspresi Budaya Tradisional Dan Indikasi Geografis: Suatu Kekayaan Intelektual Dengan Kepemilikan Komunal. Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia, 4(1), 107–120. https://doi.org/10.14710/jphi.v4i1.107-120
Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 20 of 2016: Marks and Geographical Indications, (2016).
Marchal, A., & Chaipanya, M. (2022). An overview of geographical indication protection in Thailand. TMP Intellectual Property. https://www.tmp-ip.com/geographical-indication/
Ketetapan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Indonesia Nomor IX/MPR/2001 Tahun 2001, 2 (2001) (testimony of MPR).
Muh Ali Masnun. (2018). Legal Protection of the Right to Indication of Origin in Indonesia. Journal of Private and Commercial Law, 2(2), 113–124. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpcl.v2i2.16875
Nangoy, O. M., & Sofiana, Y. (n.d.). Oktavianus Marti Nangoy. 9, 257–264.
Nazzai, S. (2016). Sejarah Kopi Gayo Aceh. Universitas Abulyatama. http://abulyatama.ac.id/?p=4494
Nurohma, N. (2020). Perlindungan Indikasi Geografis Untuk Melindungi Produk-Produk Masyarakat Lokal. Jatiswara, 35(2), 110–128. https://doi.org/10.29303/jatiswara.v35i2.250
Pajrin, R., Wiwoho, J., Imanullah, M., & Pujiyono, P. (2021). Legal Protection of Geographical Indications in Indonesia from the Perspective of UU Number 20, 2016 concerning the Trademarks and Geographical Indications. European Union Digital Library. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.21-10-2020.2311867
Palar, M. R. A., Ramli, A. M., Sukarsa, D. E., Dewi, I. C., & Septiono, S. (2021). Geographical indication protection for non-agricultural products in indonesia. Journal of Intellectual Property Law and Practice, 16(4–5), 405–414. https://doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpaa214
Palar, M. R. A., Sukarsa, D. E., & Ramli, A. M. (2018). Indonesian system of geographical indications to protect genetic resources, traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions. Journal of Intellectual Property Rights, 23(4–5), 174–193.
Qur’ani, H. (2018). Ironis, dari Ribuan Potensi Indikasi Geografis Indonesia Baru 67 Terdaftar di DJKI. Hukumonline.Com. https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/baca/lt5b601d98270eb/ironis--dari-ribuan-potensi-indikasi-geografis-indonesia-baru-67-terdaftar-di-djki/?page=1
Rahmawati, D., Ridwan, M., & Yuliati. (2016). Perlindungan Hukum Atas Indikasi Geografis (Studi Perbandingan Hukum Indonesia Dengan Australia). Magister Ilmu Hukum Dan Kenotariatan, 1–31. https://doi.org/10.21608/pshj.2022.250026
The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, 1 (1945) (testimony of Republic Indonesia).
Ridla, M. A. (2019). Perlindungan Indikasi Geografis Terhadap Kopi Yang Belum Terdaftar Menurut First-To-Use-System. Jurnal Hukum Bisnis Bonum Commune, 2(2), 116. https://doi.org/10.30996/jhbbc.v2i2.2472
Sahindra, R. (2022). Pemanfaatan Indikasi Geografis Sebagai Pendorong Pertumbuhan Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah. Kodifikasi, 4(2), 66–76. http://ejournal.uniks.ac.id/index.php/KODIFIKASI/article/view/2538
Saidin, O. (2019). Aspek Hukum Hak Kekayaan Intelektual (International Property Rights).
Soerjono Soekanto. (2008). Pengantar Penelitian Hukum. UI Press. https://perpustakaan.mahkamahagung.go.id/slims/pn-jakartaselatan/index.php?p=show_detail&id=1802
Sulistianingsih, D., & Ilyasa, R. M. A. (2022). the Impact of Trips Agreement on the Development of Intellectual Property Laws in Indonesia. Indonesia Private Law Review, 3(2), 85–98. https://doi.org/10.25041/iplr.v3i2.2579
WIPO. (2021a). Geographical Indications. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315665313-8
WIPO. (2021b). Using Geographical Indications to Protect and Promote Culture. WIPO. https://www.wipo.int/tk/en/news/tk/2021/news_0014.html
Wolters, O. W., Adam, A. W., Mohamad, G. S., Legge, J. D., McDivitt, J. F., & Leinbach, T. R. (2023). Indonesia | History, Flag, Map, Capital, Language, Religion, & Facts | Britannica. In “Indonesiaâ€. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia
World Vison International. (2022). The Indigenous World 2022: Philippines - IWGIA - International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. https://www.iwgia.org/en/philippines/4656-iw-2022-philippines.html?fbclid=IwAR27rhWiM9kXCl_r-ONRMm7kxJ0lV6if7vzHMK4M-R3KOwRG3UpyyZ06K3Y
Wulandari, C. (2021). Cita Rasa Khas Kopi Bali. DJKN.Com. https://www.djkn.kemenkeu.go.id/kanwil-balinusra/baca-artikel/13964/Cita-Rasa-Khas-Kopi-Bali.html
Agdomar, M. (2007). Removing the Greek from Feta and Adding Korbel to Champagne: The Paradox of Geographical Indications in International Law. 18(2), 541–608.
Almusawir, A. (2021). Legal Protection of the Communal Rights to Geographical Indications in the Perspectives of Human Rights in Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.17-7-2019.2303497
Apriansyah, N. (2018). Perlindungan Indikasi Geografis dalam Rangka Mendorong Perekonomian Daerah. Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure, 18(4), 525. https://doi.org/10.30641/dejure.2018.v18.525-542
Ardana, K. (2019). Kinerja Kelembagaan Perlindungan Indikasi Geografis Kopi Kintamani. Agricore: Jurnal Agribisnis Dan Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian Unpad, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.24198/agricore.v2i1.15073
Bainbridge, D. (2018). Intellectual Property. Pearson.
Bently, LionelSherman, B., Gangjee, D., & and Phillip Johnson. (2022). Intellectual Property Law (6th Ed). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24343-6_32
Blakeney, M. (2019). The Protection of Geographical Indications. In The Protection of Geographical Indications. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788975414
Bruchac, M. M. (2014). Indigenous Knowledge and Traditional Knowledge. Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 2014, 5686–5696. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30018-0_10
Calabrese, B. (2023). Geographical indications used as ingredients or components: a proposed reform in ‘sharp’ contrast with the Circular Economy (to say the least). Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, 00(00), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpad009
Calboli, I. (2006). Expanding the Protections of Geographical Indications of Origin under TRIPS: “Old†Debate or “New†Opportunity? Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review, 10(2), 182–203.
Cardoso, V. A., Lourenzani, A. E. B. S., Caldas, M. M., Bernardo, C. H. C., & Bernardo, R. (2022). The benefits and barriers of geographical indications to producers: A review. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 37(6), 707–719. https://doi.org/10.1017/S174217052200031X
Cartwright, M. (2021). The History of Champagne. World History Encyclopedia. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1913/the-history-of-champagne/
Champagne. (n.d.). Seven Fifty Daily. Retrieved January 6, 2023, from https://daily.sevenfifty.com/regions/prosecco/
Comité Champagne. (n.d.). Champagne. Comité Champagne. Retrieved January 6, 2023, from https://www.champagne.fr/
Directorate General of Intellectual Property. (2022). Indikasi Geografis. DJKI.Com. https://www.dgip.go.id/menu-utama/indikasi-geografis/pengenalan
Effida, D. Q. (2019). Tinjauan Yuridis Indikasi Geografis Sebagai Hak Kekayaan Intelektual Non-Individual (Komunal). Jurnal Ius Civile, 3(2), 58–71.
Elfany Shavira, J., & Adhi Nugroho, A. (2021). Perlindungan Hukum Indikasi Geografis Terhadap Produk Masyarakat Adat Di Indonesia (Studi Kasus Masyarakat Adat Baduy). Institut Pendidikan Tapanuli Selatan, Vol 9(1), 111–118. http:
Elvita, L. (2015). Aspek Yuridis Hapusnya Hak Indikasi Geografis Dan Indikasi Asal Ditinjau Dari Undang-Undang Merek (Studi Perkebunan Lada). Notarius, 8(2), 180-206–206.
Eno, A. A., & Yusa, I. G. (2019). Pendaftaran Potensi Indikasi Geografis guna Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Daerah. Kertha Semaya, 11(7), 1–16.
Fokky Fuad, A. A. L. (2017). Perlindungan Indikasi Geografis Aset Nasional Pada Kasus Kopi Toraja. Program Studi Magister Ilmu Hukum, 2(2), 1–16.
Fuadi, M. N., Palar, M. R. A., & Muchtar, H. N. (2022). Pelindungan Hukum Indikasi Geografis di Indonesia Melalui Standardisasi Dokumen Deskripsi Indikasi Geografis. Jurnal Sains Sosio Humaniora, 6(1), 551–567. https://doi.org/10.22437/jssh.v6i1.19724
Hamidi, A. K. S., & Faniyah, I. (2019). Perlindungan Hukum Indikasi Geografis Atas Merek Kopi Toraja Dan Kopi Gayo Yang Didaftarkan Oleh Negara Lain. UNES Law Review, 2(1), 35–49. https://doi.org/10.31933/ulr.v2i1.60
Herviandi, A., Susilowati, E., & Njatrijani, R. (2017). Optimalisasi Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Pendaftaran Merek Dagang Di Negara Lain (Kajian Perlindungan Hukum Merek Kopi Arabika Gayo). Diponegoro Law Journal, 6(01), 1–14. http://www.ejournal-s1.undip.ac.id/index.php/dlr/%0AOPTIMALISASI
Hossain, K., & Ballardini, R. M. (2021). Protecting Indigenous Traditional Knowledge Through a Holistic Principle-Based Approach. Nordic Journal of Human Rights, 39(1), 51–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/18918131.2021.1947449
Hughes, J. (2006). Champagne, feta, and bourbon: The spirited debate about geographical indications. Hastings Law Journal, 58(2), 299–386.
Jay, T., & Taylor, M. (2018). The University of Sydney Law School Legal Studies Research Paper Series A case of champagne : a study of geographical indications. 18.
Karlsson, B., & Karlsson, P. (2020). The world is thirsty for sparkling wines, but which are the winners? Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/karlsson/2020/05/08/the-world-is-thirsty-for-sparkling-wines-but-which-are-the-winners/?sh=2ddfd4e369c0%0Ahttps://www.forbes.com/sites/karlsson/2020/05/08/the-world-is-thirsty-for-sparkling-wines-but-which-are-the-winners/?sh=
Koentjoro, A. (2012). Perlindungan Indikasi Geografis Aset Nasional dari Pendaftaran oleh Negara Lain. Hukumonline.Com. https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/indikasi-geografis-lt4fd1bd073c3a6#!
Kurnianingrum, T. P. (2016). Pelindungan hak ekonomi atas indikasi geografis. Negara Hukum, 7(1), 19–34.
Kusuma, P. H., & Roisah, K. (2022). Perlindungan Ekspresi Budaya Tradisional Dan Indikasi Geografis: Suatu Kekayaan Intelektual Dengan Kepemilikan Komunal. Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia, 4(1), 107–120. https://doi.org/10.14710/jphi.v4i1.107-120
Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 20 of 2016: Marks and Geographical Indications, (2016).
Marchal, A., & Chaipanya, M. (2022). An overview of geographical indication protection in Thailand. TMP Intellectual Property. https://www.tmp-ip.com/geographical-indication/
Ketetapan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Indonesia Nomor IX/MPR/2001 Tahun 2001, 2 (2001) (testimony of MPR).
Muh Ali Masnun. (2018). Legal Protection of the Right to Indication of Origin in Indonesia. Journal of Private and Commercial Law, 2(2), 113–124. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpcl.v2i2.16875
Nangoy, O. M., & Sofiana, Y. (n.d.). Oktavianus Marti Nangoy. 9, 257–264.
Nazzai, S. (2016). Sejarah Kopi Gayo Aceh. Universitas Abulyatama. http://abulyatama.ac.id/?p=4494
Nurohma, N. (2020). Perlindungan Indikasi Geografis Untuk Melindungi Produk-Produk Masyarakat Lokal. Jatiswara, 35(2), 110–128. https://doi.org/10.29303/jatiswara.v35i2.250
Pajrin, R., Wiwoho, J., Imanullah, M., & Pujiyono, P. (2021). Legal Protection of Geographical Indications in Indonesia from the Perspective of UU Number 20, 2016 concerning the Trademarks and Geographical Indications. European Union Digital Library. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.21-10-2020.2311867
Palar, M. R. A., Ramli, A. M., Sukarsa, D. E., Dewi, I. C., & Septiono, S. (2021). Geographical indication protection for non-agricultural products in indonesia. Journal of Intellectual Property Law and Practice, 16(4–5), 405–414. https://doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpaa214
Palar, M. R. A., Sukarsa, D. E., & Ramli, A. M. (2018). Indonesian system of geographical indications to protect genetic resources, traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions. Journal of Intellectual Property Rights, 23(4–5), 174–193.
Qur’ani, H. (2018). Ironis, dari Ribuan Potensi Indikasi Geografis Indonesia Baru 67 Terdaftar di DJKI. Hukumonline.Com. https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/baca/lt5b601d98270eb/ironis--dari-ribuan-potensi-indikasi-geografis-indonesia-baru-67-terdaftar-di-djki/?page=1
Rahmawati, D., Ridwan, M., & Yuliati. (2016). Perlindungan Hukum Atas Indikasi Geografis (Studi Perbandingan Hukum Indonesia Dengan Australia). Magister Ilmu Hukum Dan Kenotariatan, 1–31. https://doi.org/10.21608/pshj.2022.250026
The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, 1 (1945) (testimony of Republic Indonesia).
Ridla, M. A. (2019). Perlindungan Indikasi Geografis Terhadap Kopi Yang Belum Terdaftar Menurut First-To-Use-System. Jurnal Hukum Bisnis Bonum Commune, 2(2), 116. https://doi.org/10.30996/jhbbc.v2i2.2472
Sahindra, R. (2022). Pemanfaatan Indikasi Geografis Sebagai Pendorong Pertumbuhan Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah. Kodifikasi, 4(2), 66–76. http://ejournal.uniks.ac.id/index.php/KODIFIKASI/article/view/2538
Saidin, O. (2019). Aspek Hukum Hak Kekayaan Intelektual (International Property Rights).
Soerjono Soekanto. (2008). Pengantar Penelitian Hukum. UI Press. https://perpustakaan.mahkamahagung.go.id/slims/pn-jakartaselatan/index.php?p=show_detail&id=1802
Sulistianingsih, D., & Ilyasa, R. M. A. (2022). the Impact of Trips Agreement on the Development of Intellectual Property Laws in Indonesia. Indonesia Private Law Review, 3(2), 85–98. https://doi.org/10.25041/iplr.v3i2.2579
WIPO. (2021a). Geographical Indications. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315665313-8
WIPO. (2021b). Using Geographical Indications to Protect and Promote Culture. WIPO. https://www.wipo.int/tk/en/news/tk/2021/news_0014.html
Wolters, O. W., Adam, A. W., Mohamad, G. S., Legge, J. D., McDivitt, J. F., & Leinbach, T. R. (2023). Indonesia | History, Flag, Map, Capital, Language, Religion, & Facts | Britannica. In “Indonesiaâ€. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia
World Vison International. (2022). The Indigenous World 2022: Philippines - IWGIA - International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. https://www.iwgia.org/en/philippines/4656-iw-2022-philippines.html?fbclid=IwAR27rhWiM9kXCl_r-ONRMm7kxJ0lV6if7vzHMK4M-R3KOwRG3UpyyZ06K3Y
Wulandari, C. (2021). Cita Rasa Khas Kopi Bali. DJKN.Com. https://www.djkn.kemenkeu.go.id/kanwil-balinusra/baca-artikel/13964/Cita-Rasa-Khas-Kopi-Bali.html
Downloads
Published
2023-06-15
Issue
Section
Articles
2.png){kind=small}
.png){kind=small}
