Implikasi Ketatanegaraan Presidential Term Limit menurut Pasal 7 UUD NRI 1945 sebelum Amendemen terhadap Presidential Continuism Masa Orde Baru
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37253/jjr.v23i1.4381Keywords:
Batasan Masa Jabatan Presiden, Keberlanjutan Jabatan Presiden, Implikasi KetatanegaraanAbstract
Presidential term limit according to Article 7 of the 1945 Constitution (UUD) before the amendment should not be interpreted as only one measure namely in terms of quantity (limits on the term of office and the maximum period of office in office), but must regulate in terms of quality (legal norms and political ethics in commitment creating a democratic and competent government). As a result, every President in power will endeavor to presidential continuation by changing, avoiding, reinterpreting, amending the constitution or even presidential term limit in article 7 of the 1945 Constitution before the amendment. In the constitutional order, it will have implications for every President in power to form an authoritarian government and reduce democracy, abuse of the President's power to hold office continuously, give birth to an elected president who is incompetence in government administration, and creates stagnation of political regeneration.
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References
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Baturo, A., & Elgie, R. (2019). The Politics of Presidential Term Limits, Oxford: Oxford Scholarship.
Carey, J. (2014). The Reelection Debate in Latin America, Latin American Politics and Society, 45(1).
Cato. (1981). No. 4, November 8, 1787. The Complete Anti-Federalist, Vol. 7, diedit Herbert J. Storing Chicago: University of Chicago Press, lihat: http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/a2_1_1s6.html.
Corrales, J. (2010). The Repeating Revolution: Chavez’s New Politics and Old Economics. In Leftist Governments in Latin America: Successes and Shortcomings, eds. K. Weyland, R. Madrid, and W. Hunter. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Corrales, J. (2016). Can Anyone Stop the President? Power Asymmetries and Term Limits in Latin America, 1984-2016, Latin American Politics and Society, 58(2), 3-25.
Dahl, R.A. (1966). Patterns of Opposition. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Dulani, B.M. (2011). Personal Rule and Presidential Term Limits in Africa. Disertasi, Michigan State University.
Fitzgibbon., Russell. (1940). Continuismo in Central America and the Caribbean, The Inter-American Quarterly, 2.
Ghoffar, A. (2009). Perbandingan Kekuasaan Presiden Indonesia Setelah Perubahan UUD 1945 dengan Delapan Negara Maju, Kencana Prenada Media Group.
Ginsburg, T., & Elkins, Z. (2019). One Size Does Not Fit All: The Provision and Interpretation of Presidential Term Limits, dalam The Politics of Presidential Term Limits, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Ginsburg, T., Melton, J., & Elkins, Z. (2011). On the Evasion of Executive Term Limits. William and Mary Law Review, 52.
Halff, M. (2016). Changing Term Limits: An electoral perspective. A policy brief of the Electoral Integrity Initiative. Geneva: Kofi Annan Foundation.
Horwill, H.W. (1925). The Usages of the American Constitution, London: Oxford University Press.
Jefferson, T. (1975). Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, December 20, 1787, In the Portable Thomas Jefferson, diedit Merrill D. Peterson, New York: Penguin.
Jefferson, T. (n.d). Thomas Jefferson to Citizens of Philadelphia, Washington, D.C: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association.
Jones, S., & Pura, R. (1986). All in the family: Indonesian decrees help Suharto’s friends and relatives prosper. Wall Street Journal.
Korzi, M.J. (2019). The Politics of Presidential Term Limits in the United States, dalam The Politics of Presidential Term Limit. Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Online.
Liddle, R.W. (1985). Soeharto's Indonesia: Personal Rule and Political Institutions, Pacific Affairs, 58(1).
Liddle, R.W. (1992). Pemilu-Pemilu Orde Baru, Pasang Surut Kekuasaan Politik, Jakarta: LP3ES.
Linz, J. (1998). Democracy’s Time Constraints, International Political Science Review, 19(1), 19-37.
Maltz, G. (2007). The case for presidential term limits, Journal of Democracy, 18(1), pp. 128-142.
Mesquita, B., Smith, B.A., Siverson, R.M., & Morrow, J.D. (2003). The Logic of Political Survival. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
Miaz, Y. (2012). Partisipasi Politik Pola Perilaku Pemilih Pemilu Masa Orde Baru dan Reformasi, Padang: UNP Press Padang.
Molina, J. (2004). The Unraveling of Venezuela’s Party System: From Party Rule to Personalistic Politics and Deinstitutionalization, In the Unraveling of the Representative Democracy in Venezuela, eds. J. McCoy and D. Myers. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Peabody, B.G., Washington, G. (2020). Presidential Term Limits, and the Problem of Reluctant Political Leadership, Presidential Studies Quarterly, 31(3).
Rauf, M. (2000). Arti Penting Pemilu 1999. Jakarta: FISIP UI dan Mizan.
Stone, P. (2019). Theorizing Presidential Rotation, dalam The Politics of Presidential Term Limits. Oxford Scholarship Online.
Suzuki, A. (2019). Effects of Presidential Term Limits, dalam Alexander Baturo dan Robert Elgie, The Politics of Presidential Term Limits, Oxford: Oxford Scholarship.
Venice Commission. (2018). Report of term-limits: Part 1-Presidentsâ€. Strasbourg: European Commission for Democracy Through Law.
Versteeg, M., Horley, T., Meng, A., Guim, M., & Guirguis, M. (2020). The Law and Politics of Presidential Term Limit Evasion, Columbia Law Review, 120(1).
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