Reconstruction of Criminal Liability of Artificial Intelligence in Future Positive Criminal Law
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37253/jjr.v28i1.12080Keywords:
Reconstruction, Criminal Liability, Artificial IntelligenceAbstract
The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significantly transformed various sectors while presenting complex legal challenges, particularly in the realm of criminal liability. This study examines the regulation of criminal liability related to AI in Indonesian positive law and explores its future legal construction. Using normative juridical methods with statutory and conceptual approaches, this study analyzes the existing legal framework, doctrine, and comparative perspectives.
Indonesian legal regulations do not recognize AI as a legal subject capable of bearing criminal responsibility. Instead, AI is positioned as a tool or object, with responsibility attributed to human actors, such as developers, operators, or users. This is primarily due to the absence of elements of criminal liability in AI, such as mens rea (malicious intent), consciousness, and moral agency. However, the increasing use and misuse of AI, such as in deepfake fraud and data breaches, has exposed significant regulatory gaps and created legal uncertainty in law enforcement. Based on the comparative analysis between the European Union and Indonesia, the future reconstruction of criminal law regarding AI, namely Indonesia, requires a comprehensive and adaptive regulatory framework to address AI-related criminal issues. Rather than recognizing AI as a legal subject, legal systems should strengthen human-centered accountability models while integrating risk-based governance principles. Such reconstruction is crucial to ensure legal certainty, protect the public interest, and responsibly accommodate technological innovation.
Downloads
References
Abdul Hadi, B. G. (2022). Pembaharuan Hukum Nasional Dalam Upaya Perlindungan Data Pribadi Di Era Distrupsi. Jurnal Hukum Mimbar Justitia, 8(1), 2580–0906. https://doi.org/0.35194/jhmj.v8i1.2426
Adhyransyah, Prihandono, I., & Rachman, T. (2025). Elaboration Of The Concept Of Serious Human Rights Violations In Indonesia: Jus Cogens In The Framework Of Corporations Criminal Responsibility. Yuridika, 40(2), 227–252. https://doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v40i2.60820
Ahmed Oudah Mohammed Al-Dulaimi, M. A.-A. W. M. (2025). Legal Responsibility For Errors Caused By Artificial Intelligence (Ai) In The Public Sector. International Journal Of Law And Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-08-2024-0295
Amisha, Paras Malik, Monika Pathania, And V., & Rathaur, K. (2019). Overview Of Artificial Intelligence In Medicine. Journal Of Family Medicine And Primary Care, 8(7), 2328. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_440_19
Aulia, A., Doorson, S., & Hosnah, Asmak, U. (2024). Tinjauan Hukum Atas Tindak Pidana Penadahan. Jurnalilmusosial&Hukum, 2(1), 36. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.61104/alz.v2i1.210
Bagus Gede Ari Rama, Dewa Krisna Prasada, K. J. M. (2023). Urgensi Pengaturan Artificial Intelligence (Ai) Dalam Bidang Hukum Hak Cipta Di Indonesia. Jurnal Rechtens, 12(2), 211. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.56013/rechtens.v12i2.2395
Brecker, K., Lins, S., Bena, N., Ardagna, C. A., Anisetti, M., & Sunyaev, A. (2025). Ai Impermanence: Achilles’ Heel For Ai Assessment? Ieee Access, 13(October), 194435–194455. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3631309
Cantika, N., Hidayat, F. A., Indriana, P. S., Sirait, F. R., & Rasyid, A. M. (2025). Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Atas Penyalahgunaan Artificial Intelligence ( Ai ) Dalam Produksi Konten. 10(4), 2590–2599. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.34125/jkps.v10i4.1435
De Jong, F. (2020). Schuld En De Ander: Pleidooi Voor Een Herwaardering Van De Binnenzijde Van Het Strafrechtelijke Schuldbegrip. Delikt En Delinkwent, 5, 337–356. Https://Doi.Org/10.21827/65688f9c5acd6
Disemadi, H. S. (2021). Urgensi regulasi khusus dan pemanfaatan artificial intelligence dalam mewujudkan perlindungan data pribadi di Indonesia. Jurnal Wawasan Yuridika, 5(2), 177. https://doi.org/10.25072/jwy.v5i2.460
Disemadi, H. S., & Agustianto, A. (2025). Paradoks Perlindungan Kekayaan Intelektual dalam Pencetakan 3D Hasil Desain Artificial Intelligence (AI): Indonesia vs. Vietnam. Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia, 7(1), 118-136. https://doi.org/10.14710/jphi.v7i1.118-136
Disemadi, H. S., & Sudirman, L. (2025). Reassessing legal recognition of AI: Human dignity and the challenge of AI as a legal subject in Indonesia. Masalah-Masalah Hukum, 54(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.14710/mmh.54.1.2025.1-12
Fernando, Z. J., & Kusumah, F. (2025). Integrating Neurolaw In Environmental Crimes And Strengthening Victim Protection In Criminal Liability Discourse. Southeast Asian Journal Of Victimology, 3(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.51825/sajv.v3i1.34555
Fl. Yudhi Priyo Amboro, K. K. (2021). Prospek Kecerdasan Buatan Sebagai Subjek Hukum Perdata Di Indonesia. Law Review Volume, Xx(2), 193–217. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.19166/lr.v0i2.3513
Gunawan, J. (2023). Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Penyalahgunaan Barang Bukti Narkotika Sitaan Oleh Oknum Kepolisian (Tinjauan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2002 Tentang Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia). Pro Justice, 1(1), 20. Https://Doi.Org/Https://Doi.Org/10.36761/Jpj.V1i1.3391
Guswandi, C. P. (2025). Legal Accountability In Ai-Driven Banking Crimes : Regulatory Gaps And The Roles Of Developers , Owners , And Users In Indonesia. Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Hukum, 5(4), 902–915. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.56393/nomos.v5i4.3224
Hallevy, G. (2024). The Basic Models Of Criminal Liability Of Ai Systrms And Outer Circles. Conference: International Conference On Autonomous Systems And The Law, 68–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47946-5_5
Haris, M. T. A. R., & Tantimin. (2022). Analysis Of Criminal Law Liability For The Use Of Artificial Intelligence In Indonesia. Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum (Jkh), 8(1), 307–316. https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/jkh/article/view/44408
Huang, Han, Ruyin Long, Etc. (2023). Why Don’t More People Engage In Green Practices In China? A Policy-Oriented Approach To Promoting Green Transformation In Five Consumption Areas. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 10, 70. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2023.10709
Kartika, T. (2025). Bentuk Perbuatan Melawan Hukum Pelaku Pasif Dalam Tindak Pidana Pembunuhan Berencana. Jurnal Hukum Ekualitas, 1(1), 48–56. https://doi.org/10.56607/vcss2z66
Königs, P. (2022). Artificial Intelligence And Responsibility Gaps: What Is The Problem? Ethics And Information Technology, 24(3), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-022-09643-0
Krisna, I. G., & Anggara, B. (2026). Legal Liability Of Artificial Intelligence In Criminal Law : A Comparative Study Between Indonesia And European Union. 3, 1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47134/ijlj.v3i3.5565
Manullang, E. F. M. (2021). Subjek Hukum Menurut Hans Kelsen Dan Teori Tradisional: Antara Manipulasi Dan Fiksi. Jurnal Hukum Dan Peradilan, 10(1), 139–154. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.25216/jhp.10.1.2021.139-154
Mughiroh, A. F. (2025). Dilema Etis Penggunaan Gaya Visual Program Studi Komunikasi & Penyiaran Islam ,. Spektra Komunika, 4(2), 140–151. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33752/spektra.v4i2.9009
Muhammad Rizki Kurniarullah, Talitha Nabila, A. K. (2021). Tinjauan Kriminologi Terhadap Penyalahgunaan Artificial Intelligence: Deepfake Pornografi Dan Pencurian Data Pribadi. Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana Pendidikan, 32(3), 167–186. https://doi.org/10.70742/arlash.v2i1.194
Nabillah, T., Prasetiyo, R. W. A., Ohoiwutun, Y. A. T., & Rato, D. (2025). Hakikat Keilmuan Hukum Sistem Civil Law Dalam Perspektif Teori Hukum Murni. Jurnal Hukum Legalita, 7(2), 210–220. https://jurnal.umko.ac.id/index.php/legalita/article/view/2003
Nada, F., Abqori, F. F., Fatimah. Rh, D. R. N., Rahadiyan, I., & Riswandi, B. A. (2024). Gagasan Pengaturan Artificial Intelligence Sebagai Subjek Hukum Di Indonesia. Prosiding Seminar Hukum Aktual Fakultas Hukum Universitas Islam Indonesia, 4, 149–157. https://eduparx.id/blog/insight/artificial-intelligence/4-jenis-artificial-intelligence-atau-ai
Ong, H. W., Disemadi, H. S., & Sudirman, L. (2025). Strengthening Academic Integrity to Prevent Plagiarism. Sang Sewagati Journal, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.37253/sasenal.v3i2.11273
Oecd. (2026). Trends In Ai Incidents And Hazards Reported By The Media. 53.
Panji, K., Adi, K., Darma, I. M. W., & Kurniawan, I. G. A. (2024). Artificial Intelligence And Criminal Liability Challenges For Contemporary Penal Law. 23(2), 5868–5879. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31941/pj.v23i2.7502
Putra, A. B. (2025). Analisis Yuridis Normatif Terhadap Pemanfaatan Dan Pertanggungjawaban Hukum Artificial Intelligence Dalam Aspek Cybercrime Di Indonesia. Ikra-Ith Humaniora : Jurnal Sosial Dan Humaniora, 9(2), 946–955. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.37817/ikraith-humaniora.v9i2946
Putri, T. R. A., Disemadi, H. S., & Hutauruk, R. H. (2025). The Ethical Challenges in Copyright AI Creativity: Tantangan Etis dalam Kreativitas AI Hak Cipta. Jurnal Media Hukum, 13(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.59414/jmh.v13i1.756
Ramadhan Dan Dinita Andriani Putri. (2018). Big Data, Kecerdasan Buatan, Blockchain, Dan Teknologi Finansial Di Indonesia: Usulan Desain, Prinsip, Dan Rekomendasi Kebijakan, Kajian Cipg Untuk Direktorat Jenderal Aplikasi Informatika Kementerian Komunikasi Dan Informatikarepublik Indonesia. Penerbit Centre For Innovation Policy And Governance (Cipg).
Rasyidah, N. A., Akmal, M. F., Hukum, F., Lambung, U., Brigjend, J., Basri, H., Universitas, J., Utara, K. B., & Selatan, K. (2024). Urgensi Pembuatan Regulasi Penggunaan Ai ( Artificial Intelligence ). Jurnal Penegakan Hukum Indonesia ( Jphi ), 5(1), 42–51. https://doi.org/10.51749/jphi.v5i1.142
Ravizki, E. N., & Lintang Yudhantaka. (2022). Artificial Intelligence Sebagai Subjek Hukum: Tinjauan Konseptual Dan Tantangan Pengaturan Di Indonesia. Notaire, 5(3), 351–376. https://doi.org/10.20473/ntr.v5i3.39063
Rohman, T., & Sugiharto. (2023). Pemidanaan Model Double Track System Bagi Korporasi Dalam Tindak Pidana Lingkungan Hidup. Jurnal Magister Ilmu Hukum, 13(1), 19–47. https://doi.org/10.56943/dekrit.v13n1.155
Sansone, Carlo, And G. S. (2022). Legal Information Retrieval Systems: State-Of-The-Art And Open Issues. Information Systems, 106(10). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.is.2021.101967
Sebayang, E. K., Mulyadi, M., & Ekaputra, M. (2024). Potensi Pemanfaatan Teknologi Artificial Intelligence Sebagai Produk Lembaga Peradilan Pidana Di Indonesia. Locus Journal Of Academic Literature Review, 3(4), 317–328. https://doi.org/10.56128/ljoalr.v3i4.311
Sintung, L. L., Haling, S., & Syah, K. (2022). Corporate Legal Liability As A Criminal Act Of Corruption. Indonesian Research Journal In Legal Studies, 1(01), 33–43. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31934/irjils.v1i01.2752
Stuart Russell And Peter Norvig. (2009). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (3rd Edition).
Susanto, A. (2022). Perbandingan Sistem Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Korporasi Sebelum. Jurnal Justisia, 7(1), 125–146. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22373/justisia.v7i1.12734
Taekema, S. (2018). Theoretical And Normative Frameworks For Legal Research: Putting Theory Into Practice. Law And Method, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.5553/rem/.000031
Tamanaha, B. Z. (2010). An Analytical Map Of Social Scientific Approaches To The Concept Of Law. Routledge.
Taufikur Rohman, S. (2023). Pemidanaan Model Double Track System Bagi Korporasi Dalam Tindak Pidana Lingkungan Hidup. Dekrit (Jurnal Magister Ilmu Hukum), 12(1), 27–28. https://doi.org/10.56943/dekrit.v13n1.155
Te Urewera Act 2014 (2014).
Yolanda Frisky Amelia, Arfan Kaimuddin, H. L. A. (2024). Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Pelaku Terhadap Korban Penyalahgunaan Artificial Intelligence Deepfake Menurut Hukum Positif Indonesia. Dinamika Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 15(1), 72–86. https://doi.org/10.25130/sc.24.1.6
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Kartika Sasi Wahyuningrum, Ahmad Novindri Aji Sukma, Angga Aldillah Gusman
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
.png){kind=small}
